APPSession02-3-2007-Payne-printAPPSession02-3-2007-Payne-print, English, Phonetics
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Applied Phonetics and Phonology How Speech Sounds are Produced Speech sounds are produced by a moving column of air in a resonating chamber Û just like a musical instrument. English Phonetics and Phonology: Different sounds are produced by varying the speed of the column of air, the size and shape of the resonating chamber, and by introducing various kinds of vibrations into the column. English Consonants Qlj M^vkb) QBPLI ^q E^kv^kd Rkfsbopfqv /--4 How Speech Sounds are Produced How Speech Sounds are Produced This is why different musical instruments sound different. By changing the speed of the column of air, the shape of the resonator, and the kind of vibration introduced into the air stream , we produce the phonetic differences that constitute the sounds of speech. This is also why different people sound different when they talk. Classification of Consonants Classification of Consonants Most English consonants can be classified using three articulatory parameters: Voicing: vibration or lack of vibration of the vocal folds. Place of Articulation: the point at which the air stream is most restricted. Manner of Articulation: What happens to the moving column of air. Meet Sammy, the sagittal diagram: Our phonetic phriend: . Classification of Consonants Classification of Consonants Bilabial sounds are pronounced with the lips together. Here Sammy is pronouncing a [p]: To make the sound [m], Sammy simply lowers his velum, to allow the column of air to pass through his nose: Qefp fk`ob^pbp qeb pfwb lc qeb pfwb lc qeb obplk^qfkd obplk^qfkd `e^j_bo) ^ka `e^j_bo) ^ka ^iiltp qeb ^iiltp qeb `lkplk^kq ql _b `lkplk^kq ql _b molklrk`ba molklrk`ba `lkqfkrlrpiv+ `lkqfkrlrpiv+ Classification of Consonants Classification of Consonants Velar sounds are pronounced with the tongue near or touching the velum, or àsoft-palateá: Velar sounds are pronounced with the tongue near or touching the velum, or àsoft-palateá: plrka fp qefp< Klt te^q plrka fp P^jjv fp qefp< plrka fp P^jjv molklrk`fkd < molklrk`fkd < Classification of Consonants Alveolar sounds are pronounced with the tongue near or touching the alveolar ridge, just behind the top teeth. What is Sammy saying now? Classification of Consonants So far we have only seen stops. To produce a fricative, the air stream is impeded, but not stopped. What sound do you think this is? Watch the larynx! / Qefp fk`ob^pbp qeb Te^q Te^q plrka Klt te^q Classification of Consonants Classification of Consonants / are pronounced with the tongue behind the alveolar ridge: / and / ʒʒʒʒ With the three parameters of voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation, we can uniquely identify (almost) all the phonemic consonants of English. plrka fp qefp< fp qefp< Places of Articulation Voiced and Voiceless , ð/ Alveolar ridge: Alveolar consonants /t, d, s, z, n, l/ Central palate (or hard palate): Palatal consonants / θθθθ Voicing introduces vibration into the resonating column of air. When the vocal folds are tensed, they vibrate as the air stream passes them. The result is a voiced sound, such as /z/ and /v/. When the vocal folds relax, the air stream passes them without causing vibration. The result is a voiceless sound, such as /s/, /f/ and /t/. , d ʒ , y/ Velum (or soft palate): Velar consonants /k, g , ŋŋŋŋ / Glottis: Glottal fricative /h/ , ʒ , r, t ʃʃʃʃ Manner of Articulation The process by which the moving column of air is shaped is called the manner of articulation. For English, these are: Stops: /p, t, k, b, d, g/ Fricatives:/f, v, θ θθ θ , ð, s, z, ʃ ʃʃ ʃ, , ʒ ʒʒ ʒ, ,, , h/ The Stops Stops occur when the air stream stops completely for an instant before it exits the vocal tract. Voiceless stops in English are the /p/ in pour and slap, the /t/ in time and adept, and the /k/ in cold and poke. Voiced stops are the /b/ in bow and crab, the /d/ in dock and blood, and the /g/ in game and bag / Nasals: /m, n, ŋŋŋŋ / (sometimes called Ð nasal stops Ñ ) Liquids: /l, r/ Glides: /w, y, hw/ ʧ , ʤʤʤʤ 0 Palatal fricatives, like / ʃʃʃʃ Te^q Te^q plrka Lips: Bilabial consonants /p, b, m, w/ Lips and teeth: Labiodental consonants: /f, v/ Teeth: Interdental consonants / ʃʃʃʃ , , Affricates: / The Fricatives The Affricates Fricatives occur when the air stream is audibly disrupted but not stopped completely. Voiced fricatives are the /v/ in v ery and sho v e, the /ð/ in th y and ba th e, the /z/ in z oo and wi s e, and the / ʒ / in mea s ure and Affricates start out as a stop, but end up as a fricative. There are two affricates in English, both of which are palatal. Therefore we do not need to mention place of articulation to describe afficates. The voiceless affricate is the /t Zh a Zh a. Voiceless fricatives are the /f/ in f ool and lau gh , the / ʃ / in lunch / in sh ock and na ti on, the /s/ in s oup and mi ss , and the /h/ in h ope and a h oy. / in th igh and ba th , the / ʃ and chapter. The voiced affricate is the /d ʒ /in germ, journal and wedge The Nasals The Liquids Nasals occur when velum is lowered allowing the air stream to pass through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth. The air stream is stopped in the oral cavity, so sometimes nasals are called ànasal stops.á We will just call them ànasals.á Nasals are the /m/ in mind and sum, the /n/ in now and sign, and the / ŋ / in sing, longer and bank. Liquids occur when the air stream flows continuously through the mouth with less obstruction than that of a fricative. Both liquids in English are voiced, so we donÞt need to mention voicing when we describe liquids. The Liquids The Glides The àlateralá liquid, /l/, is pronounced with the restriction in the alveolar region at the beginning of syllables, as in low and syllable, but in the velar region at the ends of syllables, as in call, halter, and (optionally) syllable. It is called àlateralá because air flows around the sides of the tongue The àcentralá liquid is the /r/ in rough and chore. This also has various pronunciations. It is called àcentralá because air flows over the center of the tongue. So the terms àcentralá and àlateralá replace the place of articulation in descriptions of the liquids. Glides occur when the air stream is unobstructed, producing an articulation that is vowel-like, but moves quickly to another articulation making it a consonant. Sometimes glides are described as semi- vowels. The glides in English include the /w/ in witch and away, and the /y/ in yes and yoyo. Some English speakers have a voiceless alveolar glide. This is transcribed /hw/ and occurs in whether, and why. 1 θ Redundancy Redundancy, Syllables and Consonant Clusters Sometimes we don’t need to specify all three articulatory parameters (voicing, place and manner of articulation) in order to uniquely identify certain consonants. This is because some features entail certain other features. For example, the manner feature of “nasal” entails “voiced.” This is because there are no voiceless nasal consonants in English. To specify voicing for nasal consonants would be redundant. Syllabic and Non-Syllabic Sounds Syllabic and Non-Syllabic Sounds A syllable is a peak of sonority, often surrounded by less sonorous segments. A rhyme consists of an obligatory nucleus, followed by an optional coda. σ A syllable consists of an obligatory rhyme, preceded by an optional onset. σ (sigma) (sigma) (O) R (O) R N (C) Syllabic and Non-Syllabic Sounds Syllabic and Non-Syllabic Sounds A syllable nucleus consists of an obligatory sonorant (or resonant) segment, usually a vowel: (sigma) The onset and coda, when present, may consist of one or more less sonorant segments: (O) R O R N C N (C) V C C C V C C / s p r ɪ n t / 2 σ σ [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] |
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