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User'sGuideforthe amsmath Package (Version2.0) AmericanMathematicalSociety 1999-12-13(revised2002-02-25) ii CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Options for the amsmath package 2 3 Displayed equations 3 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.2 Single equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.3 Split equations without alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.4 Split equations with alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.5 Equation groups without alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.6 Equation groups with mutual alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.7 Alignment building blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.8 Adjusting tag placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.9 Vertical spacing and page breaks in multiline displays . . . . . . 8 3.10 Interrupting a display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.11 Equation numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 Miscellaneous mathematical features 10 4.1 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Math spacing commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.4 Nonbreaking dashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.5 Accents in math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.6 Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.7 Boxed formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.8 Over and under arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.9 Extensible arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.10 Axing symbols to other symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.11 Fractions and related constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.12 Continued fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.13 Smash options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.14 Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 Operator names 17 5.1 Dening new operator names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.2 \mod and its relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6 The \text command 18 iii CONTENTS 7 Integrals and sums 19 7.1 Multiline subscripts and superscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.2 The \sideset command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.3 Placement of subscripts and limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.4 Multiple integral signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8 Commutative diagrams 20 9 Using math fonts 21 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.2 Recommended use of math font commands . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.3 Bold math symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.4 Italic Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10 Error messages and output problems 23 10.1 General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10.2 Error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10.3 Warning messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 10.4 Wrong output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 11 Additional information 30 11.1 Converting existing documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 11.2 Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 11.3 Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 11.4 Of possible interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Bibliography 31 Index 33 iv CONTENTS 1 |1| Introduction The amsmath package is a L A T E X package that provides miscellaneous enhance- ments for improving the information structure and printed output of documents that contain mathematical formulas. Readers unfamiliar with L A T E X should refer to [7]. If you have an up-to-date version of L A T E X, the amsmath package is nor- mally provided along with it. Upgrading when a newer version of the amsmath package is released can be done via or ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/ . This documentation describes the features of the amsmath package and dis- cusses how they are intended to be used. It also covers some ancillary packages: amsbsyamstext amscd amsxtra amsopn These all have something to do with the contents of math formulas. For infor- mation on extra math symbols and math fonts, see [1] and org/tex/amsfonts.html . For documentation of the amsthm package or AMS document classes ( amsart , amsbook , etc.) see [3] or [2] and org/tex/author-info.html . If you are a long-time L A T E X user and have lots of mathematics in what you write, then you may recognize solutions for some familiar problems in this list of amsmath features: A convenient way to dene new `operator name' commands analogous to \sin and \lim , including proper side spacing and automatic selection of the correct font style and size (even when used in sub- or superscripts). Multiple substitutes for the eqnarray environment to make various kinds of equation arrangements easier to write. Equation numbers automatically adjust up or down to avoid overprinting on the equation contents (unlike eqnarray ). Spacing around equals signs matches the normal spacing in the equation environment (unlike eqnarray ). A way to produce multiline subscripts as are often used with summation or product symbols. An easy way to substitute a variant equation number for a given equation instead of the automatically supplied number. An easy way to produce subordinate equation numbers of the form (1.3a) (1.3b) (1.3c) for selected groups of equations. The amsmath package is distributed together with some small auxiliary pack- ages: amsmath Primary package, provides various features for displayed equations and other mathematical constructs. [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] |
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